For parties

Mediation vs. litigation vs. arbitration

Three ways a dispute can end. They differ most in who decides, what it costs, and what becomes public.

A judge's gavel beside the scales of justice
MediationLitigationArbitration
Who decidesThe partiesJudge or juryThe arbitrator
Typical costLowestHighestModerate to high
TimelineWeeksMonths to yearsMonths
ConfidentialityConfidentialPublic recordUsually private
AppealNot applicableAvailableVery limited
EnforceabilityEnforceable once enteredEnforceableEnforceable award
Relationship impactPreservingAdversarialAdversarial
Control over outcomeHighNoneNone
FormalityInformalFormalSemi-formal
Precedent valueNoneCreates precedentNone

Direct benefits of mediation

  • Lower cost than a contested trial, often by an order of magnitude.
  • Faster resolution — weeks rather than a court calendar.
  • Party control and creative terms: a mediated agreement can include things no court could order.
  • Confidentiality, so the dispute does not become a public record.
  • Higher voluntary compliance, because the parties authored the agreement.

Indirect benefits

  • Better co-parenting communication and fewer post-decree returns to court.
  • Reduced emotional cost to the parties and, in family matters, to children.
  • Reduced court backlog and public expense.
  • Preserved business and community relationships.

When mediation is not the right fit

  • An unmitigated domestic-violence power imbalance or a safety risk.
  • A need for binding precedent or a public ruling.
  • A party who lacks capacity, or authority to settle.
  • A need for emergency relief.

How mediation works with your attorney

Attorneys may attend mediation, and many do. Any agreement should be reviewed by independent counsel before it is signed. Mediation complements legal advice; it does not replace it.

Arbitration in brief

Arbitration is private and binding, with a very limited right of appeal. It is usually chosen because a contract requires it, or because the parties want a decision without a public trial. Unlike mediation, the arbitrator decides.